Rel, a haemopoietic cell-restricted member of the NF-κB/Rel family of transcription factors, has recently been shown to be important in the function of B and T lymphocytes. In an attempt to understand the role of this protein in the immune response, we examined the ability of Rel^–/– mice to counter an influenza virus infection. Normal levels of virus-specific cytotoxic T cells induced in Rel^–/– mice were able to clear virus from the lungs, albeit with somewhat delayed kinetics compared to normal mice. Rel^–/– mice did, however, display a markedly reduced T cell proliferative response to the virus, and exhibited impaired local and systemic influenza virus-specific antibody responses. This defect was sufficient to result in an inability of vaccinated mice, but not of previously infected mice, to acquire antibody-dependent protective immunity to reinfection with the same virus. These findings establish that during the response to influenza virus, Rel function allows optimal development of humoral immunity, a role that apparently cannot be fulfilled by other NF-κB/Rel proteins.